east building. Some of them were repaired with CFRP sheets applied on the bottom of beam and epoxy mortar at the cracks.
In most upper stories of the west and east buildings, cracks were found in beam-ends of open corridor in the NW-SE direction (Photo 3-3). They were repaired with epoxy mortar with epoxy injection (Photo 3-4). Since their crack patterns traced from the repaired evidence were almost identical in both buildings (Figure 3-1), the two buildings therefore were considered to have behaved in the same manner.
Expansion joints between each building were also damaged due to pounding resulting from their insufficient gaps (Photo 3-5). Narrow gaps were often found in other buildings and wider gaps were strongly recommended to prevent pounding damage during strong shaking.
Schmidt hammer tests were made on columns of the basement floor and the estimated strength was 33 N/mm2 (R = 54).
Figure 3-1: Crack patterns observed in beams of open corridor
Photo 3-4: Repaired beam end Photo 3-5: Damage to expansion joints (east building)
(4) Al-Safa Heights, Islamabad (11/19)
* Construction: RC with URM (hollow cement block), under construction
* Number of Stories: 7 (5 + B2 in the front elevation)
* Use: Apartment house
The building was under construction at the time of investigation (Photo 4-1). The typical column section was rectangular with 30cm width and 70cm depth. The hoops were 90-degree (Photo 4-2). According to the structural engineer who designed the building, the width-to-depth ratio of typical RC columns in Islamabad was 1/2 to 1/3. URM (hollow cement block) walls were 20cm thick for exterior walls and 15cm thick for interior walls.
Some longitudinal rebars of beams were placed out of beam-column joint core concrete (Photo 4-3). Honeycombs were found in some concrete members. No structural damage was, however, apparently found in the building.
Schmidt hammer tests were made on a column in the 3rd story and the estimated strength was 26 N/mm2 (R = 40).
Photo 4-1: General view of Al-Safa Heights
 (5) Sughara Tower-1, Islamabad (11/19)
* Construction: RC with URM (hollow cement block), under construction
* Number of stories: 5 + B1
* Use: Apartment house
The building was under construction at the time of investigation (Photo 5-1). A few URM walls were slightly cracked but no visible damage was found in beams and columns.
Photo 5-1: Light court of Sughara Tower-1
(6) Children’s Hospital, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad
(11/19)
* Construction: RC with URM, constructed in 1984
* Number of stories: 2
* Use: Hospital
No damage was found in the building. The building was renovated several years ago.
Photo 6-1: General view of Children’s Hospital
(7) Training Center, Mother and Child Health Centre (MCH), PIMS, Islamabad (11/19)
* Construction: RC with URM, constructed in 1998
* Number of stories: 2
* Use: Nurse training center
Some minor cracks were observed in URM walls but no structural damage was found.
Photo 7-1: General view of Training Center
(8) General/Private Ward, MCH, PIMS, Islamabad (11/19)
* Construction: RC with URM, constructed in 1999
* Number of stories: 2 (+ partially B1)
* Use: Hospital
The building was located just across the street facing the Training Center (Photo 8-1). The building had some minor cracks in URM walls. Cracks were also found in the interface between URM and boundary RC frame (beam and column) (Photo 8-2). Most of them were likely initiated before the earthquake and widened due to shaking.
Battal is located about 30km NW from the epicenter. In some villages, houses, schools, mosques etc. were devastated, and people were displaced to refugee tents.
(9) Primary School, Battal (11/19)
* Construction: RC with URM (solid brick) wall, constructed in 1997
* Number of stories: 2
* Use: Primary School
This building was situated on a hillside in Battal along the National Road N-35 running through the village (Photo 9-1). The building was designed in accordance with Japanese building code. It had flexural crack at the top of a column with exposure of reinforcing bars (Photos 9-2 and 9-3). The shear reinforcement of 2-D10 was provided at a spacing of 10cm with 135-degree hook (Photo 9-4). Although some cracks were found in the core concrete of the damaged part, no buckling of main bars was observed. The damage level of the column was identified to be level III in accordance with Japanese Damage Level Evaluation Guidelines (The Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association: Guidelines for Post-earthquake Damage Evaluation and Rehabilitation, 2001). Minor flexural cracks were also found in almost all other columns in the corridor side ranging from damage level I to II.
In the URM wall adjacent to the column with major flexural damage stated earlier, extensive shear cracks were found (Photo 9-5). Minor cracks were also found in other URM walls. Some furniture in classrooms was found toppled down (Photo 9-6), and buildings close to the school had serious damage. Although such strong ground shaking evidence, the school building was identified to be Light Damage in accordance with the Damage Level Evaluation Guidelines.
Seismic capacity of the building was preliminarily calculated according to the Japanese Standard for Seismic Evaluation, neglecting the effects of URM walls to structural behavior. The structure was estimated to fail in flexure and its ultimate strength was 0.48 in terms of base shear coefficient.
Schmidt hammer tests were made on beams of the 1st story framing into the damaged column and the estimated strength was 21 N/mm2 (R = 40).
Photo 9-1: General view of school 
Photo, 9-3: Close-up view of damage Photo
(10) Primary and High School for Girls, Battal (11/19)
* Construction: Stone masonry
* Number of stories: 1 for high school and 2 for primary school
* Use: School
Two buildings were situated at the site; one was a two-story URM primary school and the other a single-story URM high school. Both buildings had RC beams on URM walls but they were not connected each other. They had tin roofs on timber trusses.
The two-story primary school was completely devastated, showing pancake collapse (Photo 10-1). The single-story high school buildings were seriously damaged with extensive cracks and out-of-plane failure of URM walls, although it did not result in total collapse primarily due to light roof system. The building collapse reportedly killed 37 students out of some 500 students.
Schmidt hammer tests were made on a beam of the primary school and the estimated strength was 8 N/mm2 (R = 20).
Photo10-1: Collapsed primary school Photo
(11) Jamia Mosque Battal, Battal (11/19)
* Construction: RC with URM wall
* Number of stories: 2
* Use: Mosque
The Mosque was located close to the Primary and High School for Girls described earlier (Photo 11-1). Some columns were seriously damaged resulting in falling of the upper
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